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The Amazing People I Met at SciFoo09

SciFoo is an un-conference, where fascinating people gather to talk about hundreds of different topics across a wide range of fields. The talks are always interesting and educational, but the people themselves are the draw for me as much as the topics under discussion. I end up talking to very bright and usually witty conversationalists about things that none of us are expert in, and we try to solve problems from global warming to whether nitrogen gas dissolves in liquid oxygen.

So here is a long list of only some of the people I got to meet and talk to at the meeting that is always the highlight of my whole year.
I talked to Tiffany Ard about homeschooling, making toys for young kids, how to get wood products manufactured.
I also talked to Shelley Batts about birds, listened to her describe her work with regenerating cochlear hair cells, discussed brain / computer interfacing.
Had long talks with Christian Bok about how to monetize poetry on the web and in print.
Introduced Sergey Brin to Andrew Hicks and demonstrated the non-reversing mirror.
Waved hello to Jorge Cham but didn’t get to talk with him privately, only in discussions on-topic.
I listened to Jenova Chen talk about video game directing.
I demonstrated science toys to George Church.
I talked to Jens Clausen about brain/machine interfacing and my latest science fiction novel.
Played with liquid nitrogen with Pablo Cohn.
Had long discussions with Rob Cook about the physics of nitrogen dissolving in liquid oxygen, and he introduced me to Andrew Hicks and the amazing non-reversing mirror.
Waved hello to Bill Coughran.
Had long discussions with Mackenzie Cowell about putting together Do-It_Yourself biology kits and selling them on the web.
Caught up with Suhky Dhaliwal, Chris DiBona, Cat Allman, Timo Hannay, Leslie Hawthorn, and Grant Grundler, who is apparently related to bugs.
Had several talks with Mariette DiChristina, but somehow we never discussed science writing. Have to fix that via email.
Promised Dale Dougherty I would demonstrate science toys while he took videos, but then never actually found a time we were both free. I’ll have to invite him up to the Birdfarm to video science toys in the treehouse.
Swapped jokes with Esther Dyson at breakfast, and found out I don’t live in a totalitarian state because I didn’t get the one that’s only funny if you did.
Had several talks with John Gage, while demonstrating science toys and watching Theo Gray build instant sand castles with supersaturated sodium acetate.
Theo Gray also poured liquid nitrogen into the ice cream as I stirred with my electric drill and paint mixer attachment. It took longer to serve the ice cream than to make it.
Hung out a lot with John Gilbey, who taught me the British term ‘bespoke’ to refer to the custom or made-to-order omelettes we ate at breakfast. He shot a photo of me with Bill Nye that will surely impress my daughter, who has been a fan since early childhood.
Rob Cook introduced me to R. Andrew Hicks, who brought some amazing optics to share. A non-distorting wide angle rear-view-mirror for cars that eliminates blind spots, the non-reversing mirror, and a mirror that gives you an instant panoramic view of the world without turning your head.
More long talks with Mackenzie Cowell about Do-It-Yourself Biology, and how to package and sell it as kits. I’m looking forward to linking to his online store once he gets it up and running. I’ll talk some more with him today (Monday) since he’s coming up to the farm to play in the treehouse.
Got to talk with Sherry Hsi of the Exploratorium at a talk about doing science in non-science spaces like living rooms (and treehouses).
Attended (and participated in) a talk with Janna Levin, Lee Smolin, George Smoot and others on gravity waves, what they would sound like, and ways to use high energy cosmic rays to examine the structure of space at the Planck limit and test string theory.
Finally met Steven Levy, and talked about other Steven Levys we knew.
Had many talks with Mike Loukides about science toys, liquefied gases, and other subjects, but only just now found out we share an interest in amateur radio. Next time.
Talked with Ed Lu many times, about space, commercializing spaceflight, global warming and remediation, and electrostatic levitation.
Demonstrated electrostatic levitation and magnetic propulsion to Ben Lorica.
Met Marvin Minsky and his daughter Juliana, and had several conversations, but never once mentioned artificial intelligence.
Talked with Peter Murray-Rust and Antony Williams about adding a chemical data plugin to Google Wave.
Had dinner with Joy Reidenberg and talked about blowing up rotten whales on the beach, and we marveled that none of the others at the table were in the least unappetized. Must have been the delicious Google food.
Talked with Maximilian Schich about dozens of things, including cockatiels with rhythm.
Had fascinating long discussion with Karl Schroeder about publishing science fiction and the future of the publishing business. Will have to follow up in email, since there’s still a whole lot I want to ask him.
Talked with Russell Seitz at dozens of times throughout the conference on such things as heat conduction in exotic materials and the use of microbubbles in water to increase the earth’s albedo and prevent evaporation of fresh water supplies.
Had lunch with Maria Spiropulu, Julie Steele, Victoria Stodden and George Dyson, and made ice cream using liquid nitrogen for Charlotte Stoddart’s video camera.
Caught up with Nat Torkington and discussed California politics among dozens of other (occasionally off-color or punny) topics.
Talked with Brandyn Webb several times, and I still don’t know what a feral cybernetic epistemologist is. But he’s coming up to the farm today too, so maybe I’ll ask.
Had several fascinating discussions with Larry Weiss about building a biotech company during an economic downturn.
Had a lot of fun with Michael Weiss-Malik playing with my huge tank of liquid nitrogen.
Discussed the solubility of nitrogen in liquid oxygen with Tony Tyson. He said he’d have to calculate it from the Hamiltonian. None of us at the table offered to help him with the math.
Talked for some time with Gregory Benford in several venues, about things like his Methusela fruit flies that are selected for longevity, and the genes they share with humans.

Categories: Biology, Chemistry, Computers, Genetics, Physics, Technology.

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A bone to pick with cola

Bones are made of calcium phosphate, a molecule made when phosphoric acid combines with calcium. So one would think that phosphoric acid in the diet would be good for bones.

Or maybe not. Phosphoric acid combines in the digestive system with any calcium it finds, and binds tightly to it, making the calcium unavailable to the body. Since calcium is needed in many important functions, when there is no calcium in the diet, the body gets the needed calcium from its storehouse of the mineral — the bones.

Bones are constantly being built up and torn down by cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The former store calcium in the bones, and the latter mine the bones for calcium when it is needed elsewhere.

When acid levels in the diet are high, the body neutralizes the acid with calcium from the bones. This can happen when high protein diets are not supplemented with enough fruits and vegetables and other alkalinizing foods to buffer the resulting acid. The kidneys cannot excrete urine that has a pH lower than 5. The acid content of cola has a pH of 3. It would take over 8 gallons of water to dilute a can of cola down to pH of 5. Since it can’t do that, the body neutralizes the acid with calcium from the bones.

Many proteins are made of sulfur containing amino acids that produce sulfuric acid when they are metabolized. This acid needs to be buffered or neutralized before it can be excreted.

By locking up calcium before it can be absorbed, and by raising the acid levels that need to be neutralized by buffers from the bones, the phosphoric acid in cola drinks causes bone loss through two mechanisms.

Where the effects are most noticed is in children, especially adolescent girls, and women. It is not clear why men are slightly less affected by phosphoric acid in soft drinks, and the hypotheses range from hormonal activity to larger alcohol intake by men. Cola drinks have been associated with kidney stones in both men and women, however.

Mineral water is alkalinizing. Perhaps a switch to water or alkalinizing fruit and vegetable juices would be a good idea.

Not all studies blame the acid in cola. Some blame milk displacement as the primary reason soft drinks affect bone loss, and link caffeine to calcium in the urine.

Maybe switching to milk..

Categories: Biology, Chemistry, Food, Health.

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A gut feeling about mortality

Dr. Robert Ross has been studying abdominal fat and mortality.

There are two components to abdominal fat. Subcutaneous fat lies just below the skin, and it is the fat you can pinch with your fingers. But it is the visceral fat, the fat located behind the abdominal muscles, that is the major risk factor in cardiovascular disease. Visceral fat is associated with insulin resistance and lipoprotein metabolism (cholesterol). People with excess visceral fat have higher triglyceride levels, and lower HDL (“good” cholesterol) levels.

Waist circumference is an accurate predictor of type 2 diabetes. Visceral fat more often accompanies left venticular enlargement and hypertension than subcutaneous fat.

Luckily, there is a method for reducing visceral fat, even without losing weight. Magnetic resonance imaging studies are showing that exercise reduces visceral fat more than other types of fat.

It makes sense that the fat deposits that correlate best with lipid metabolism and insulin levels are the fat stores used up first when exercise demands energy from fat stores.

Moderate intensity exercise (40 minute walk) increases not only aerobic capacity, but increases insulin sensitivity. You no longer get short of breath, and you are less prone to diabetes related complications.

So, all you guys with beer bellies — take a hike!

Categories: Biology, Chemistry, Food, Health.

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Ultracapacitors and tiny airplanes

I bought six of these wonderful little radio controlled airplanes, the Air-Hog Aero Ace.

They are barely bigger than my hand, and fly for 10 minutes on a charge. Great fun, although I am a really lousy pilot, having had no time to practice. The foam body crashes into things and simply bounces back unharmed.

And they are only $30 each, complete with the radio control transmitter.

What makes them possible is lightweight lithium ion batteries (probably lithium polymer batteries, but I have not found any data on the batteries yet). With energy densities of 166 milliwatt-hours per gram these tiny batteries can power both electric motors and the radio control receiver in the plane for longer than I can keep the plane in the air (did I mention I was a lousy pilot?).

Lithium-sulfur batteries might be even better, at 280 milliwatt-hours per gram, but I haven’t seen any 5 gram lithium-sulfur batteries yet.

But batteries are not perfect. They can only be charged 500 to 1,000 times before they are no longer useful, and they take minutes to charge. What if we could have these energy densities in a capacitor? Something that could charge in a second or two, and never wear out?

Joel Schindall at MIT thinks he can raise the energy density of ultracapacitors from 3 or 4 milliwatt-hours per gram to 300 or even 400 milliwatt-hours per gram. He wants to use carbon nanotubes growing out of metal foil like fur on a scared cat.

An ultracapacitor is normally made from two metal foils covered with a fine dust made of activated carbon, in an electrolyte of acetonitrile or propylene carbonate, and separated by a porous insulator. By replacing the carbon powder with carbon nanotubes spaced just right, the porous material can hold 100 times the number of ions as the carbon can.

Of course, toy airplanes are not the only market that could use a lightweight power source that can charge in seconds and never wears out. Laptop computers, cell phones, iPods, and hybrid cars are also waiting for such a breakthrough.

Categories: Chemistry, Physics.

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Octanitrocubane – The most powerful explosive

Carbons like to form bonds with angles of 109 degrees, like the bonds in diamonds. It takes energy to force the bonds to form more acute angles. The highest strain energy of any organic compound available in multi-gram amounts is found in cubane, a molecule with eight carbons in a cube shape, where all of the bonds are 90 degrees.

In the early 1980’s it was pointed out that cubane’s very high density and high heat of formation would make it an especially good explosive, especially if each carbon could have a nitro group attached. The resulting molecule would decompose to eight molecules of carbon dioxide, and four molecules of nitrogen, and release a lot of heat in the process. A cubane with a nitro group on each carbon is called octanitrocubane.

Several factors are important in making a good explosive. The decomposition must be energetic. In cubane derivitives, the strain energy ensures a very energetic decomposition. The number of molecules that result should be large. One molecule of octanitrocubane becomes 12 molecules, a very good ratio for an explosive. The molecular weight of the resulting gases should be high. Carbon dioxide’s molecular weight is 44, and nitorgen’s is 28, compared to water at only 18. Explosives that contain hydrogen will have lighter resulting molecules than those that don’t, and octanitrocubane has no hydrogen.

Lastly, the density of the substance should be as high as possible. A denser explosive has a higher detonation velocity (more power), and a higher maximum detonation pressure. Octanitrocubane is the densest explosive yet.

Because it has no hydrogen, it produces no water vapor. When used as a propellant in rockets, this would mean that it would leave no vapor trail, and it would be harder to detect and track.

Some common explosives and their properties:

Name Density DetonationVelocity DetonationPressure
TNT 1.6 7.0 190
RDX 1.8 8.8 338
HMX 1.9 9.1 390
HNB 2.0 9.4 406
CL-20 2.0 9.4 420
ONC 2.1 10.1 500

Octanitrocubane is up to 30% more powerful than the most powerful common military explosive, HMX. What is also important, it is very stable. It does not degrade until it sublimes at 200 degrees Celsius (392 degrees Fahrenheit). You can hit it with a hammer and it will not explode.

Perhaps fortunately, it is very difficult to make. Cubane itself is not easy, but then a 17 step process is needed to get to tetranitrocubane, and by the time we get to hexanitrocubane we are at 33 steps, then heptanitrocubane brings us to 37 steps, and finally octanitrocubane at 40 steps. Many of those steps in the reaction are quite difficult all by themselves.

Other cubane derivitives have useful properties too. They are being explored for their pharmaceutical uses, and for their unique qualities when polymerized into plastics.

Categories: Chemistry, Physics.

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By Simon Quellen Field
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